Intersex people are individuals born with any of several sex characteristics including chromosome patterns, gonads , or genitals that, according to the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights , "do not fit typical binary notions of male or female bodies". Sex assignment at birth usually aligns with a child's anatomical sex and phenotype. The number of births with ambiguous genitals is in the range of 0.
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Many taxonomic groups of animals mostly invertebrates do not have separate sexes. For example, the great majority of tunicates , pulmonate , opisthobranch , earthworms , and slugs are hermaphrodites. Hermaphroditism is also found in some fish species and to a lesser degree in other vertebrates. Most plants are also hermaphrodites. Animal species having different sexes, male and female, are called gonochoric , which is the opposite of hermaphrodite. There are also species where hermaphrodites exist alongside males called androdioecy or alongside females called gynodioecy , or all three exist in the same species called trioecy ; these three systems are sometimes called mixed breeding systems. In plants there are cases where male flowers and hermaphrodite flowers occur on the same plant andromonoecy or female flowers and hermaphrodite flowers on the same plant gynomonoecy. The term hermaphrodite is commonly used for abnormal cases of dioecious animal species but according to geneticist Michael Majerus this definition should be distinguished from the scientific definition. In recent years the term hermaphrodite applied to humans has fallen out of favor since there have been no identified cases of a human reproducing as both male and female, [10] with some biologists saying hermaphroditism cannot occur in humans.
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Thank you for visiting nature. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. To obtain the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser or turn off compatibility mode in Internet Explorer. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles and JavaScript. Differences in objectives between males and females are a driving force in the evolution of copulatory mechanisms. Hermaphrodites can also have sexual conflicts, but caused by opposing sexual interests within rather than between individuals. One consequence seems to be that physically damaging sex, as occurs with the marine flatworm Pseudoceros bifurcus , might be favoured more in hermaphrodites than in species with separate sexes.
Try out PMC Labs and tell us what you think. Learn More. Hermaphrodites combine the male and female sex functions into a single individual, either sequentially or simultaneously. This simple fact means that they exhibit both similarities and differences in the way in which they experience, and respond to, sexual conflict compared to separate-sexed organisms.
